Chapter-4: Agriculture
3 marks
Q1: Describe any three main features
of 'Rabi crop season.'
1. Rabi crops are sown
in Winter from October to December.
2. Harvested in Summer
from April to June.
3. Important Rabi crops
are Wheat, Barley, Peas, Gram and Mustard.
4. Availability of
precipitation during winter months due to western temperate cyclones helps in
the success of these crops.
Q2: Describe any three main features
of 'Kharif crop season.'
1. Grown with the onset
of monsoon in different parts of the country.
2. Harvested in
September-October.
3. Important Kharif
crops are Paddy, Maize, Jowar, Bajra, Tur (arhar) etc.
Q3: Highlight any three differences
between Kharif cropping season and Rabi cropping season
Difference between Kharif cropping season and Rabi
cropping season –
|
Kharif cropping season |
Rabi cropping season |
|
i. Kharif crops are sown with the onset of monsoon. |
i. Rabi crops are sown in winters from October and November. |
|
ii. Harvested in September-October. |
ii. Harvested in summer from April and May. |
|
iii. Important crops- paddy, maize, jowar,bajra, tur, cotton,
jute, ground nuts etc. |
iii. Important crops – wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard. |
Q4: Highlight any three differences between primitive subsistence farming and commercial farming.
|
Primitive
Subsistence Farming |
Commercial Farming |
|
1. This type of farming is done to grow crops so as to sustain
the family of farmer |
1. This type of farming is done to produce crops for selling
in market and earn money |
|
2. This is done using primitive tools like hoe, dao and
digging sticks, and family/ community labour. |
2. This is done using capital intensive inputs, with the help
of migrant labourers. |
|
3. This type of farming depends upon monsoon, natural
fertility of the soil and suitability of other environmental conditions to
the crops grown. |
3. This type of farming does not depends much upon monsoon and
natural fertility of soil as there are proper irrigation fascilities and uses
higher doses of modern inputs in order to obtain higher productivity |
|
4. When the soil fertility decreases, the farmers shift and
clear a fresh patch of land for cultivation. |
4. No shifting as fertilisers are used to maintain soil
fertility. |
|
5. Land productivity in this type of agriculture is low as the
farmer does not use fertilisers or other modern inputs. |
5. Land productivity in this type of agriculture is high as
the farmer uses fertilisers or other modern inputs. e.g. high yielding
variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides |
Q5: Highlight any three differences
between primitive subsistence farming and intensive subsistence farming.
Primitive Subsistence Farming
i. Primitive
subsistence agriculture is practised on small patches of land with the help of
primitive tools
ii. Family/community
labour work in fields.
iii. It depends upon
monsoon, natural fertility of the soil and suitability of other environmental
conditions to the crops grown.
iv. It is also called
as a ‘slash and burn’ agriculture.
Intensive Subsistence Farming
i. This type of farming
is Practiced in areas of high population pressure on land.
ii. These are Labour
intensive farming.
iii. High dose of bio
chemical inputs and irrigation are used for obtaining high production.
Q6: Categorise the following as
Kharif crops and Rabi crops : (i) Wheat (ii) Maize (iii) Barley (iv) Peas (v)
Bajra (vi) Tur (Arhar)
Q7: Categorise the following as ‘Rabi
crops’ and ‘Zaid crops’ : (i) Wheat (ii) Watermelon (iii) Fodder crops (iv)
Mustard (v) Cucumber (vi) Peas
Q8: Categorise the following as
‘Kharif crops’ and ‘Zaid crops’ : (i) Paddy (Rice) (ii) Cucumber (iii) Bajra
(iv) Cotton (v) Fodder crops (vi) Muskmelon
|
Wheat |
Rabi |
|
Maize |
Kharif/ Rabi |
|
Barley |
Rabi |
|
Peas |
Rabi |
|
Bajra |
Kharif |
|
Tur (Arhar) |
Kharif |
|
Watermelon |
Zaid |
|
Fodder crops |
Zaid |
|
Mustard |
Rabi |
|
Cucumber |
Zaid |
|
Paddy (Rice) |
Kharif |
|
Cotton |
Kharif |
|
Muskmelon |
Zaid |
5 marks
Q9: Name the two major beverage crops
grown in India. Describe their growing areas.
Two major beverage crops: Tea and coffee
Tea Growing areas:- Major
tea producing states are Assam, hills of Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri districts,
West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Apart from these, Himachal Pradesh,
Uttarakhand, Meghalaya, Andhra Pradesh and Tripura are also tea-producing
states in the country.
Coffee producing states: Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu
Q10: Name the two most important
cereal crops grown in India. Describe the conditions required to grow these two
crops.
The main cereal crops – Rice
& Wheat
Conditions for growing rice –
(i) High temperature above
250C
(ii) High Humidity with
annual Rainfall above 100 cms
(iii) Important Kharif crop
Condition for growing wheat –
(i) Annual Rainfall 50-75
cms
(ii) Low temperature with
bright sunshine
(iii) Important Rabi crop
Q11: Name any two major fibre crops
grown in India. Describe the conditions required to grow these two crops.
Q12: Name the two major fibre crops
grown in India. Describe the conditions required for growth of these two crops
with their growing areas.
Two major fibre crops
are cotton and jute
Geographical condition require for Cotton
1. It requires black
soil
2. It requires high
temperature and light rainfall or irrigation
3. It requires 210
frost free days and bright sun shine
4. It is grown in the
states of Maharashtra, Gujarat, M.P, Karnataka etc.
Geographical condition require for Jute
1. It requires well
drained fertile soil in the flood plains
2. It requires high
temperature
3. It requires high rainfall
4. Requires fresh water
& Cheap labour
5. It grows in west
Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Orissa & Meghalaya etc.
Q13: Describe any five technological
and institutional reforms undertaken by the Government of India to improve
Indian agriculture.
Five technological and
Industrial reforms
1.
Collectivisation,
consolidation of holdings, cooperation and abolition of zamindari, etc. were
given priority to bring about institutional reforms in the country after
Independence.
2.
Government of India
embarked upon introducing agricultural reforms to improve Indian agriculture in
the 1960s and 1970s. The Green Revolution based on the use of package
technology and the White Revolution (Operation Flood) were some of the
strategies initiated to improve the lot of Indian agriculture.
3.
Provision for crop
insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease, establishment of
Grameen banks, cooperative societies and banks for providing loan facilities to
the farmers at lower rates of interest
4.
Kissan Credit Card
(KCC), Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) are some other schemes
introduced by the Government of India for the benefit of the farmers.
5.
Special weather
bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers were introduced on the radio
and television.
6.
The government also
announces minimum support price, remunerative and procurement prices for
important crops to check the exploitation of farmers by speculators and
middlemen.
Q14: Describe any five features of commercial
farming.
Five features of Commercial
Farming
1.
The main characteristic
of this type of farming is the use of higher doses of modern inputs, e.g. high
yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides
in order to obtain higher productivity
2.
The degree of
commercialisation of agriculture varies from one region to another. For
example, rice is a commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab, but in Odisha, it is
a subsistence crop.
3.
Plantation is also a
type of commercial farming. In this type of farming, a single crop is grown on
a large area.
4.
The plantation has an
interface of agriculture and industry. Plantations cover large tracts of land,
using capital intensive inputs, with the help of migrant labourers.
5.
All the produce is used
as raw martial in respective industries ex. Tea, coffee, rubber, sugar cane,
banana etc.
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