CBSE Class 10 History Chapter-2 Nationalism in India 2019 Board Questions

 

HISTORY 2019 Board Paper Solved

Chapter-2:  Nationalism in India

5 marks

Q1: Who had organized the dalits into the 'Depressed Classes Association' in 1930? Describe his achievements.

Depressed Classes Association was organized by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar in 1930.

Achievements:

1. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar raised the demand of separate electorate for Dalits at the second Round Table Conference

2. British government conceded Ambedkar’s demand of separate electorates for Dalits.

3. Ambedkar accepted Gandhiji’s position and as the result Poona Pact of September 1932 was signed.

4. The Depressed classes (later to be known as the Schedule Castes) got reservation of seats in provincial and Central Legislative Councils but they were to be voted in by the general electorate.

5. Any other relevant point.

Q2: Define the term 'Civil Disobedience Movement.' Describe the participation of rich and poor peasant communities in the 'Civil Disobedience Movement.'

Civil Disobedience Movement: A movement launched to disobey the rules of the British Government

Participation of rich and poor peasant:

1. In the countryside, rich peasant communities like patidars of Gujarat and Jats of U.P. were active in movement.

2. Rich peasants were producers of commercial crops. They were very hard hit by the trade depression and falling prices. As their cash income disappeared, they found it impossible to pay the government’s revenue demand. Rich peasants participated in the movement as a struggle against high revenue demand.

3. Rich peasants organized their community to support Civil Disobedience Movement. For them the fight for swaraj was a struggle against high revenues.

4. The poorer peasantry were not just interested in the lowering of the revenue demand. Many of them were small tenants cultivating land they had rented from landlords. As the Depression continued and cash incomes dwindled, the small tenants found it difficult to pay their rent. The poor peasants participated as they wanted their unpaid rent to be remitted.

5. Any other relevant point. (to be assessed as a whole)

Q3: How had the ‘First World War’ created economic problems in India ? Explain with examples.

First World War created economic problems in India:

Q4: Explain the implications of the ‘First World War’ on the economic and political situation of India.

The implications of the ‘First World War’ were:

a. It led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes: customs duties were raised and income tax introduced.

b. Through the war years prices increased – doubling between 1913 and 1918 – leading to extreme hardship for the common people.

c. Villages were called upon to supply soldiers, and the forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger

d. Then in 1918-19 and 1920-21, crops failed in many parts of India, resulting in acute shortages of food.

e. This was accompanied by an influenza epidemic. According to the census of 1921, 12 to 13 million people perished as a result of famines and the epidemic.

Q5: How had a variety of cultural processes developed a sense of collective belongingness in India during the 19th century ? Explain with examples.

Variety of cultural processes developed a sense of collective belongingness in India during the 19th century. These are as follows-

(i) History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols, All played a part in the making of nationalism.

(ii) Identity of the Nation was most often symbolized in a figure or image. This helps create an image with which people can identify the nation.

(iii) The identity of India came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata.

(iv) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhya and Ravindra North Tagore created a picture of Bharat Mata.

(v) Vande Matram as a hymn for the motherland.

(vi) Folklores and tales gave true picture of traditional culture.

(vii) Any other relevant point to be explained (Any five)

Q6: How did plantation workers have their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and the notion of Swaraj ? Explain.

Plantation workers own understanding of Gandhi & Swaraj……

1. For plantation workers in Assam freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined place

2. It meant retaining a link with the village from which they have come.

3. When they heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement, thousands of workers defied the authorities, left the plantations and headed home.

4. They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be given land in their own villages.

5. They were imagining it to be a time when all suffering and all troubles would be over. Yet, when the tribals chanted Gandhiji’s name and raised slogans demanding ‘Swatantra Bharat’, they were also emotionally relating to an all India agitation.

6. They never reached their destination. Stranded on the way by a railway and steamer strike, they were caught by the police and brutally beaten up.

7. They acted in the name of Gandhi or linked their movement to that of Congress

8. Any other valid point

(Explain any 5 points)

Q7: How had peasants and tribals participated in the ‘Non-Cooperation Movement’ in different parts of India ? Explain.

Peasants participation in NCM:

1. In Awadh peasants were led by Baba Ramachandra – a sanyasi who had earlier been to Fiji as an indentured labourer.

2. The movement was against talukdars and landlords who demanded from peasants exorbitantly high rents and a variety of other cesses

3. The movement demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of begar and social boycott of oppressive landlords.

4. Many places nai-dhobi bandhs were organized by panchayats to deprive landlords of the services of even barbers and washermen.

Tribals participation in NCM:

5. In the Gudam hills of Andhra Pradesh a guerrilla movement was started by Alluri Seetharama Raju

6. He believed in force and violated the British restriction

7. He persuaded people to wear khadi and stop drinking

8. When the government began forcing them to contribute begar for road building, the hill people revolted.

Q8: Why did Mahatma Gandhi start the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’ ? How did this movement unite the country ? Explain.

Reasons of the Civil Disobedience Movement

i. Mahatma Gandhi was against the Simon Commission which came to look into the functioning of constitutional system.

ii. Congress and Gandhiji were against the Lord Irwin’s vague offer of dominion status for India in an unspecified future.

iii. Lahore Session of Congress 1929 demanded Purna Swaraj.

iv. Gandhiji was against the salt tax which was introduced by Britishers to establish their monopoly.

v. Mahatma Gandhi found in salt a powerful symbol that could unite the nation.

vi. He sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands. Some of these were of general interest; others were specific demands of different classes, from industrialists to peasants.

vii. The most stirring of all was the demand to abolish the salt tax.

How did this movement unite the country

i. Mahatma Gandhi started Salt Satyagraha accompanying his volunteers from Sabarmati till Dandi.

ii. People were asked to refuse cooperation with the Britishers.

iii. People demonstrated in front of all government’s factories.

iv. Foreign clothes were boycotted.

v. Peasants refuse to pay revenue and taxes.

vi. Forests laws were violated.

vii. Rich peasant communities ,Poor peasants, Business class, Women participated in protest marches.

Q9: Why did Mahatma Gandhi launch the ‘Non-Cooperation Movement’ ? How did this movement unite the country ? Explain.

Reason of Non-Cooperation Movement launched by Gandhiji

1. In his famous book Hind Swaraj Mahatma Gandhi declared that British rule was established in India with the cooperation of Indians, and had survived only because of this cooperation. If Indians refused to cooperate, British rule in India would collapse within a year, and swaraj would come.

2. Rowlatt Act was passed, which gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities, and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.

3. Gandhiji was very angry with the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. And wanted to give response to the British Government.

4. Gandhiji wanted broad-based movement for bringing Hindu Muslim closer through the Khilafat Andolan .

5. At the Calcutta session of the Congress in September 1920, he convinced other leaders of the need to start a non-cooperation movement in support of Khilafat as well as for swaraj.

6. To unite all Indians against the brutality of British administration.

How did this movement unite the country

i. People joined non co-operation movement.

ii. People surrendered titles and awards, which was given by the government.

iii. People boycotted civil services, courts, schools, army, police and legislative councils.

iv. People boycotted foreign goods.

v. Thousands of students left schools and colleges.

vi. Teachers resigned.

vii. Peasants, tribal peasants and plantation workers also joined this movement.

Q10: Explain the limitations of the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’.

Limitation of Civil Disobedience Movement:

i. Not all social groups were moved by the abstract concept of Swaraj. One such group was the nation’s untouchables who called themselves dalit or oppressed.

ii. Congress had ignored the dalits for fear of offending the Sanatanis, the conservative high class Hindus.

iii. Many dalit leaders were keen on a different political solution to the problems of the community.

iv. Dalit participation in Civil disobedience movement was limited.

v. Dr.B.R Ambedkar who organized the dalits into the depressed classes clashed with Mahatama Gandhi at the 2nd round table conference by demanding separate electorates for dalits.

vi. Some of the muslim political organization in India were also lukewarm in their response to the Civil disopedience movement after the decline of the Non Cooperation-Khilafat Movement.

vii. Any other relevant point.

(Any five points to be explained)

Q11: Explain how Mahatma Gandhi decided to launch the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930.

Launching of the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930:

i. Against the background of Simon Commission and Lord Irwin’s vague offer of dominion status for India, Gandhiji decided to launch Civil Disobedience Movement.

ii. Negligence of eleven demands of Gandhi ji by Lord Irwin also created situation.

iii. Salt March or Dandi March organized against the British monopoly of Salt Law.

iv. Participation of women in the movement in large numbers.

v. Business men and workers also participated in large number.

vi. Foreign clothes were boycotted.

vii. Peasants refused to pay revenue and taxes.

viii. Forest laws were violated.

ix. Any other relevant point.

Any five points to be explained.

Q12: Explain how the Non-Cooperation Movement emerged in the towns.

Non Cooperation Movement in towns emerged as follows:

1. The movement started with middle-class participation in the cities.

2. Thousands of students left government-controlled schools and colleges, headmasters and teachers resigned, and lawyers gave up their legal practices.

3. The council elections were boycotted in most provinces except Madras

4. Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed, and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires.

5. In many places merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade. As the boycott movement spread, and people began discarding imported clothes and wearing only Indian ones.